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Occupations The list of occupations below was donated  initially (from an unknown original source) but significantly expanded with excerpts from the following source books which are readily acknowledged; 1.Davies, Byron. The Tinplaters . Dyfed FHS Journal 6/5 1998 2.Hughes, P.G . Wales and the Drovers. 1944. 3.Davies, John Henry . The History of Pontardawe and District 1967 And some other sites to try . /big/Occupations http://www.rmhh.co.uk/occup/index.html http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~dav4is/genealogy/Sources/Occupations.html   List of Occupations Accomptant Accountant Almoner Giver of charity to the needy Amanuensis Secretary or stenographer Annealing; Black annealing was part of the tinplate process where sheets were piled onto stands , covered by steel boxes or pots, sealed by sand to exclude air and heated in an annealing furnace to make them softer and more ductile. White annealing was similar but for shorter periods at lower temperatures. Annuitant; not an occupation as such but often seen on census returns. The term might refer to someone in receipt of an annual allowance, or someone with investment producing annual income. Artificer A soldier mechanic who does repairs Assorters; part of the tinplate process, they and packers packed 112 sheets to a box for labelling and dispatch. Bailie Bailiff Bailiff: Someone employed by a Court to seize the property of debtors Baller ; iron industry worker "When the metal begins to melt it is the business of the puddler to watch it from time to time until it is ready for what is technically called BALLING, i.e. dividing the metals into separate balls or quantities or puddle-rolls; which having been done, they are handed over to the shingler, who has the direction of a large and heavy hammer worked by steam or water power, and the rough hot metal is, by repeated blows brought to a more compact form for the rolling mill." From the Employment Commission reports 1842 Bar Cutter; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Baxter Baker Behinder; a member of the Hot Mill crew in a Tin Plate Works, he caught the sheets behind the doublers and passed them back to the rollerman over the top roll, there would be several passes. This job may include taking the sheets back to the furnaces for reheating. Blocklayers; from "A Dictionary of Occupational Terms" blocklayer (cinder tip, blast furnace): locks wheels of cinder wagons before they are tipped, at cinder tip of blast furnace; sometimes done by shunter blocklayer (colliery): fixes small blocks or wooden keys for tightening rails on tramways in coal mine, using a hammer blocklayer (platelayer): lays surface tramways, and sometimes roadways, in mines and quarries blocklayer (wood): one of a gang who lay wood blocks to form roadway surface, chopping blocks with small hand choppers to finish-off gutter etc., and pouring tar over blocks, after laying, to allow percolation through cracks Bluestocking Female writer Boniface Keeper of an inn Boxer ; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Branding Boy ; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Branning Boys; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Brazier One who works with brass Brewster Beer manufacturer Brightsmith Metal Worker Bundlers; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Burgonmaster Mayor Caulker One who filled up cracks (in ships or windows or seems to make them watertight by using tar or oakum-hemp fiber produced by taking old ropes apart Chaisemaker Carriage maker Chandler Dealer or trader; one who makes or sells candles; retailer of groceries Chiffonnier Wig maker Cinder Filler ; iron industry worker Clark Clerk Clerk Clergyman, cleric Clicker The servant of a salesman who stood at the door to invite customers; one who received the matter in the galley from the compositors and arranged it in due form ready for printing; one who makes eyelet holes in boots using a machine which clicked. Coast waiter officer in Customs service charging coastside duties Cohen Priest Collector Customs service controller of a collection (an administrative area) Cold Rolling ; part of the tinplate process where the sheets were introduced singly into three sets of rolls, rough, intermediate and finishing, this made them even and produced a polished surface. Collier Coal miner, usually cutting coal at face Colporteur Peddler of books Cooper One who makes or repairs vessels made of staves and hoops, such as casks, barrels, tubs, etc. Copperas worker; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Cordwainer Shoemaker, originally any leather worker using leather from Cordova/Cordoba in Spain Corvister ; involved in leather tanning/curing/processing /manufacturing trades Costermonger Peddler of fruits and vegetables Counter; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Crocker Potter Crowner Coroner Currier One who dresses the coat of a horse with a currycomb; one who tanned leather by incorporating oil or grease Deputy: a management official in a coal mine Dipper; in Tin Plate Works, he dipped the thin steel sheets into the moulten tin to coat them. Docker Stevedore, dock worker who loads and unloads cargo Doubler; a member of the Hot Mill crew in a Tin Plate Works, he doubled the sheets holding them with large tongs as they cam off the rollers and placed them in the squeezer. Dowser One who finds water using a rod or witching stick Draper A dealer in dry goods Drayman One who drives a long strong cart without fixed sides for carrying heavy loads Dresser 1 A surgeon's assistant in a hospital Dresser 2 : worked in slate quarry, cut slates to size Drover One who drives cattle, sheep, etc. to market; a dealer in cattle Duffer Peddler Dusters ; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Dyers ;  see the  Society of dyers and colourists     https://sdc.org.uk/ Engineman: worked the various steam engines used in coal mines Examining officer Customs service officer who examined imported goods ( known as Landing waiter until 1861) Factor Agent, commission merchant; one who acts or transacts business for another; Scottish steward or bailiff of an estate Farrier A blacksmith, one who shoes horses Faulkner Falconer Fell monger One who removes hair or wool from hides in preparation for leather making Felon: someone who commits a serious crime such as murder Filler ; iron industry worker Finer ; employed in Iron Works Finerman ; worked in the part of an ironworks or tinworks called a Finery. The job of the Finery was to reduce the carbon content of the pig iron. The pig iron had been produced using a coke smelting furnace. This produced pig iron with too high a carbon content and this made it brittle - not a problem when you were going to make cast iron which required no further working, but for the production of tinplate iron that was less brittle was required.The furnace in the finery was fired by charcoal, and this, along with the rest of the process which included heating, hammering and reheating, reduced the carbon content of the iron sufficiently to make it suitable for the production of tinplate. Fireman: a management official who carried out safety inspections in coal mines Fitter; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Fletcher One who made bows and arrows Founder ; iron industry worker Fuller One who fulls cloth; one who shrinks and thickens woollen cloth by moistening, heating, and pressing; one who cleans and finishes cloth. Fulling ; when just woven, woollen cloth tends to be loose and open. Fulling is a process of compacting the fibres to make the cloth more coherent and durable. It works on the fact that wool has tiny scales all along the fibres. When the woven wool is 'worked' by being beaten, the fibres 'ratchet' together and the cloth becomes more compact and solid. If continued for a long time, the end result is felt - eg. for billiard tables or hats. Woven cloth off the loom, say 4'-5' wide, is washed and, while still wet, is passed through an 'eye' at the top of the fulling machine. It is then sewn into a loop that may be 30' long. Rollers pull the cloth through the eye and it is 'thumped' by heavy wooden hammers 'tripped' by a rotating drum with pegs on it. The cloth is kept moist and soapy, and is repeatedly passes round this circuit, becoming more compact (and narrower in width) as it does so. The process, which may take as much as 26 hours, is carefully monitored until the desired degree of compaction is obtained. The cloth is then washed and cleaned with fuller's earth (diatomaceous earth) and finally dried while being 'tentered' or stretched back to its original width on a big frame with hooks all round set out on big frames in a field - ie. "it's on tenterhooks". In the early days, the thumping was achieved by men trampling the cloth in a half-barrel. Stale urine was used as the wetting agent, the process was not good for the feet........! With the advent of water power, fulling mills were soon developed, and productivity and quality rose sharply. There is a restored fulling mill and exhibition near Stroud.[Contributed by Howard Fuller]. Furnaceman; a member of the Hot Mill crew in a Tin Plate Works, he heated the sheets. Gaoler A keeper of the goal, a jailer Girdler; involved in leather tanning/curing/processing /manufacturing trades Glazier Window glassman Glover ; involved in leather tanning/curing/processing /manufacturing trades Grease Boys; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Gyrrwr ; a subordinate to a cattle/sheep drover. Hacker Maker of hoes Hammerman; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Hatcheler One who combed out or carded flax Haulier; employed in coal mine, dragged a dram Haymonger Dealer in hay Hayward Keeper of fences Heater : employed in Iron Works Hewer: another name for a collier in a coal mine Higgler Itinerant peddler Hillier Roof tiler Hind A farm laborer Hitcher: a man in charge of the cage at the pit-bottom Hobbler  On the Glamorgan canal, independent owner boatmen were known as hobblers In parts of Glamorgan a 'hobble'  (=hobbler)is an odd job done for cash payment by someone either while they are in full-time employment for another employer, or in receipt of benefit. Holster A groom who took care of horses, often at an inn Hooker Reaper Hookers; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Hooper One who made hoops for casks and barrels Huckster Sells small wares Husbandman A farmer who cultivated the land Iron moulder   A foundry worker who produced the sand moulds from wooden patterns into which the moulten iron was poured to produce a cast metal/iron object. Jagger Fish peddler Jerquer Clerk in a Customs House who checked reports of ships arriving against coastside cargo account (a Check officer from 1862) Journeyman One who had served his apprenticeship and mastered his craft, not bound to serve a master, but hired by the day Joyner / Joiner A skilled carpenter Keeler Bargeman Kempster Wool comber Ladle Liner In ore dressing, smelting, and refining, a person who repairs and relines pouring ladles used to transport molten metals, such as iron, steel, and copper. Also called ladle cleaner; ladle dauber; ladle houseman; ladle mender; ladle patcher; ladle repairman Landguard Group of Customs men stationed along a coast to prevent landing of smuggled goods Landing waiter (see Examining officer) Lardner Keeper of the cupboard Lath render 1; Possibly should be "renderer" , a plasterer who put the plaster on walls and ceilings after the laths (thin strips of wood) had been nailed to the timber framework. This was the traditional way of making ceilings until the invention of plaster board. Walls could also be constructed in the manner . 2 ; people who worked in timber yards and were also sawyers, some of them hurdlemakers, perhaps a more accurate definition would be a person who split withies or pieces of timber to make laths. Looks like a confused distinction between render with renderer, maybe a geographical difference ? Lavender Washer woman Lederer Leather maker Leech Physician Lengthman ; a lengthman was an employee of the  Great Western Railway whose duty it was to walk his specified length of track daily (or as required) carrying out minor repairs, checking for defects that needed reporting to higher levels for major work to be carried out. Normally a senior man's job and a very responsible one. List Boys ; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Lister ; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Locker Customs officer who guarded a bonded warehouse Longshoreman Stevedore Lormer Maker of horse gear Malender Farmer Maltster Brewer Manciple A steward Marine is essentially a soldier serving on a ship [Eve McLaughlin] Mariner is a sailor, usually merchant navy but loosely any sailor including one in the Royal Navy [Eve McLaughlin] Mason Bricklayer Master Weaver: someone who employs a number of weavers to supply him with woven cloth Militia man: someone who belongs to a group who were on stand by to take up arms to support a government Millwright The millwright of the 17th and 18th Centuries was quite different from the millwright of today. He was a master craftsman who completely designed and constructed mills. Sir William Fairbairn, a millwright of the late 19th Century, wrote in his Treatise on Mills and Millwork, "...the millwright of the late centuries was an itinerant engineer and mechanic of high reputation. He could handle the axe, the hammer, and the plane with equal skill and precision...he could set out and cut in the furrows of a millstone with an accuracy equal of superior to that of the miller himself." In 1919, James F. Hobart wrote in his book, Millwrighting, "The ancient type of millwright has passed away. He has gone with the old time carpenter and obsolete shoemaker - the former with 500 pounds of molding planes and woodworking tools, the latter with nothing but pegging and sewing awls, hammer, and knife. Mintmaster One who issued local currency Monger Seller of goods (ale, fish) Muleskinner Teamster Navigator or navvie : labourer employed to dig out a canal bed. Navvie[Railway]: a labourer who built railway track, embankments, tunnels etc Neatherder Herds cows Openers ; a member of the Hot Mill crew in a Tin Plate Works, invariably women who seprated sheeets that became stuck together Ordinary Keeper Innkeeper with fixed prices Ostler: looked after the horses underground in a coal mine Outdoor officer Basic grade of Customs officer ( Assistant Examining Officer from 1891) Overman: Management official responsible for overseeing the work of miners Packers; part of the tinplate process, they and assorters packed 112 sheets to a box for labelling and dispatch. Patch workers Were mployed to dig for surface minerals or coal on the side of  mountains -  leaving marks on the sides of the mountains that at a distance looked like patches Pattern Maker A maker of a clog shod with an iron ring. A clog was a wooden pole with a pattern cut into the end Peregrinator Itinerant wanderer Peruker A wig maker Pettifogger A shyster lawyer Pickling; black pickling is part of the tinplate processs where sheets were "pickled" by being dipped in dilute sulphuric acid on a rack. Then cleaned by dipping in water. White pickling used acid which was more dilute with a shorter immersion. Pigman Crockery dealer Plumber One who applied sheet lead for roofing and set lead frames for plain or stained glass windows. Pointmaker; involved in leather tanning/curing/processing /manufacturing trades Polishing; part of the tinplate process where bran and lambswool were used to burnish the steel. Porter Door keeper Porthmon; a drover of cattle/sheep Pouchmakers; involved in leather tanning/curing/processing /manufacturing trades Preventive officer Officer of the waterguard (Customs service) Puddler ; iron industry worker. A puddler is one who or that which puddles: specifically, a person who puddles clay or iron. Puddling in this case is the process of making wrought iron from pig iron by heating and stirring it in the presence of oxidizing agents, and a puddler is the person who does this process.See also baller. Pull-up boy; employed in Iron Works, raised the furnace door by tugging at a chain. Quarrier Quarry worker Rail Stran'er ; iron industry worker Reckoner; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Refiners; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing  and iron industries A Relieving Officer Worked for the Poor Law Union/Workhouse and organised parish relief. "Evaluate the cases of all  persons applying for medical or poor relief; to authorize emergency relief or entry to the workhouse." Also could have acted as a Registrar of Births  Marriages and Deaths Riding officers  Customs officers on horseback set up round the coast in 1688 to prevent smuggling Rigger Hoist tackle worker Ripper Seller of fish Ripper II: miners who 'ripped' away the roof and floor of a seam in a mine to allow sufficient height to bring horses up to the coal face Riser ; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Roadman; coal mine worker who maintained the condition of the main underground  roadways Rockman : worked in slate quarry, handled the blocks of slate. Roller ; iron industry worker Rollerman; a member of the Hot Mill crew in a Tin Plate Works, he inserted the red hot sheets into the rolls, he was the team captain. Roper Maker of rope or nets Rougher - see ruffer Rubbers; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Ruffer -  a variation of  the term 'Rougher', an iron worker who was engaged in the early stages of roughing out or rolling iron sheets down to the required thickness. It can also mean someone who roughed out things in the early stages of production. Saddler One who makes, repairs or sells saddles or other furnishings for horses Sawbones Physician Sawyer One who saws; carpenter Schumacker Shoemaker Scourers; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Scribler A minor or worthless author Scrivener Professional or public copyist or writer; notary public Scrutiner Election judge Shearer ; a member of the Hot Mill crew in a Tin Plate Works, he trimmed the sheets to the required size. Shingler : employed in Iron Works Shrieve Sheriff Slater Roofer Slopseller Seller of ready-made clothes in a slop shop Snobscat / Snob One who repaired shoes Sorter Tailor Special constable: man chose by magistrates to help them keep law and order Spinster A woman who spins or an unmarried woman Splitter : worked in slate quarry, split slates into narrow sheets Spurrer Maker of spurs Squire Country gentleman; farm owner; justice of peace Stonedresser an itinerant worker who re-cut and sharpened millstones Striker; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Stuff gown Junior barrister Stuff gownsman Junior barrister Supercargo Officer on merchant ship who is in charge of cargo and the commercial concerns of the ship. Tanner One who tans (cures) animal hides into leather Tapley One who puts the tap in an ale cask Tasker Reaper Teamster One who drives a team for hauling Thatcher Roofer Tide surveyor Preventive officer in charge of boarding crew (Customs service) Tide waiter According to the book ' The Letter-Book of John Byrd , customs collector of South East Wales 1648-80' edited by S.K. Roberts, a waiter ( wayter) or tide-waiter was a customs officer who boarded ships to examine cargoes. A surveyor was a customs officer who identified ships and cargoes. Tidesman A Tide waiter (see above) Tinker An itinerant tin pot and pan seller and repairman Tinning; part of the tinplate process where sheets were passed through a layer of flux into molten tin in a tin pot. The flux cleaned the sheets so that the tin could adhere evenly, then passed through a wash pot and grease pot before being cleaned by a hot soda solution. Tipstaff Policeman Trammer : dragged trams laden with coal in coal mine Trapper ; a child door keeper in coal mine. Travers Toll bridge collection Tucker Cleaner of cloth goods Turner A person who turns wood on a lathe into spindles Under carter Just the chap who helped the carter - the man who drove the horses for a farmer or sometimes for a delivery firm in town. He would help load on and off, tie the tarpaulin down , light the cart lamps, and be ready to leap down and open/close gates, feed the horses, take them to their stable etc (the carter probably handled most of the horse work himself). And when the cart needed braking, it was his job to shove the hunk of wood into the wheel to stop it rolling. [Eve McLaughlin] Victualer A tavern keeper, or one who provides an army, navy or ship with food Vulcan Blacksmith Wagoner Teamster not for hire Wainwright Wagon maker Waiter Customs officer or tide waiter; one who waited on the tide to collect duty on goods brought in Washer; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Washmen ; worked in the tinplate manufacturing industry washing the plates between processes Waterman Boatman who plies for hire Webster Operator of looms Weigher Customs officer who weighed goods for duty purposes Wharfinger Owner of a wharf Wheeler to rolls ; worked in the tinplate  manufacturing industry Wheelwright One who made or repaired wheels; wheeled carriages, etc. Whitamer; involved in leather tanning/curing/processing trades Whitesmith Tinsmith; worker of iron who finishes or polishes the work Whitewing Street sweeper Whitster Bleach of cloth Wright Workman, especially a construction worker Yeoman Farmer who owns his own land .

GRAVEYARD WELSH   [ CYMRAEG  Y  FYNWENT ] See also; History Book Welsh GRAVEYARD  QUOTATIONS All of the following words have appeared on Welsh gravestones or memorial cards. Many consonants at the beginning of Welsh words are changed according to how and where the words are used. For example, plant (children) ei blant (his children) fy mhlant (my children) ei phlant (her children) If all the possible variations of each word were included, this document would triple in size so, here's the code breaker.   If you can't find a word beginning with any of the following letters, try substituting the letters in brackets. A(GA) B(P) CH(C) D(T) DD(D) E(GE) F(B or M) G(C) H(drop the h) L(LL or GL) M(B) MH(P) N(D) NG(G) NH(T) NGH(C) O(GO) PH(P) R(RH or GR) TH(T) W(GW) Y(GY). A---- And A ----  Who Ac---- And Aelod ---- Member af (after numeral) ---- 1af = 1st Afon ---- River Am---- For Annwyl/Anwyl ---- Beloved, Dear Anwylaf---- Dearest Ar---- On Arglwydd---- Lord Arweinydd y gan---- Precentor,one who leads singing Athrawes---- Teacher (f) Athro/Athraw ---- Teacher (m) Awst---- August   Baban---- Baby Bach---- Small Bardd---- Poet, Bard Bedd---- Grave Bedyddiwyd ---- Was baptised Bendith---- Blessing Bendigedig---- Blessed Blaenor---- Elder, Deacon Blwydd ---- Years Blwyddyn---- Year Blynedd---- Years Bod---- Being, Existence Brawd ---- Brother Bryn---- Hill Bu---- (part of verb) Bu farw---- Died Bugail---- Shepherd Byd---- World Bywyd---- Life   Cae---- Field Caer ---- Fort Capel---- Chapel Caredig---- Kind Cariad---- Love Cariadus ---- Lovable Cariwr---- Carrier Carreg---- Stone Carreg Fedd ---- Gravestone Cefn ---- Back, Ridge Cefnder---- Cousin (m) Cerddor---- Musician Cerrig ---- Stones Chwaer---- Sister Chwaer yng nghyfraith---- Sister in law Chwefror/Chwef---- February/Feb Cist---- Chest, Coffer Claddedigaeth ---- Burial Claddfa---- Graveyard Claddu ---- To bury Claddwyd---- Was buried Coch ---- Red Codwr canu---- Precentor,one who leads singing Cof ---- Memory, Remembrance Coffa ---- Memory, Memorial Coffadwriaeth ---- Remembrance Cofio---- To remember Collwyd---- Was lost Corff/Corph ---- Body Craig ---- Rock Craig yr Oesoedd---- Rock of Ages Creawdwr---- Creator Croes---- Cross Crydd ---- Shoemaker. Cobbler Cyfenwyd---- Was named Cyfnither---- Cousin (f) Cyfreithiwr---- Solicitor, Lawyer Cymraeg/Cymreig---- Welsh (adj) Cymydog---- Neighbour Cynt o---- Formerly of Cysgu ---- To sleep   Daear---- Earth Damwain ---- Accident dd (after numeral) ---- 3dd = 3rd Dewch ---- Come Diacon---- Deacon Dilledydd---- Draper Diwedd ---- End Diweddar---- Late, Deceased Diwrnod ---- Day Du ---- Black Duw---- God Dwr---- Water Dydd---- Day Dydd Gwener---- Friday Dydd Iau---- Thursday Dydd Llun---- Monday Dydd Mawrth---- Tuesday Dydd Merche---- r Wednesday Dydd Sadwrn---- Saturday Dydd Sul ---- Sunday Dywededig---- Mentioned   Ebrill/Ebr---- April/Apr ed (after numeral)---- 5ed = 5th Ef/Efe ---- He, Him, It Eglwys---- Church Ei ---- Her, His Emynydd---- Hymn Writer Enwyd ---- Was Named Er ---- For,since,though Er cof am ---- In memory of Eto---- Again Eu---- Their Ewythr---- Uncle fed (after numeral) ---- 7fed = 7th Ffermwr ---- Farmer Ffordd---- Way, Road Ffydd---- Faith Ffyddlon/Fyddlawn---- Faithful Ffynnon---- Well Fy---- My   Gaeaf---- Winter Gallt ---- hill, wooded hill-side Ganed/Ganwyd ---- Was born Garddwr---- Gardener Glas---- Blue, Green Gobaith---- Hope Godidog---- Excellent, Rare Gorffennaf/Gorff---- July/Jul Gorphennaf/Gorph---- July/Jul Gorwedd---- Lying [down] Gorweddle---- Resting place Gwanwyn ---- Spring Gwas---- Servant Gwasanaeth ---- Service Gweddillion ---- Remains Gweinidog---- Minister Gwen---- White Gwr ---- Husband, Man Gwraig ---- Wife, Woman Gwylfa---- Lookout, Watching place Gwyn---- White Haf---- Summer Heb---- Without Hedd---- Peace Hefyd---- Also Hen---- Old Hi---- She, Her, It Hoff---- Fond Hon---- This (f) Hunodd---- Fell asleep Hwn---- This (m) Hydref ---- Autumn Hydref/Hyd ---- October/Oct Hynaf---- Eldest   Iesu---- Jesus Ieuanc ---- Young Ieuangaf ---- Youngest Ifancaf---- Youngest Ionawr/Ion---- January/Jan Isa/Isaf ---- Lower Isod ---- Underneath   Llafur---- Labour Lle---- Place   Mab---- Son Mai---- May Mam---- Mother Mamgu---- Grandmother Marw---- To die Marwolaeth---- Death Masnachydd ---- Merchant Mawr---- Big Mawrth---- March Medi ---- September Mehefin/Meh---- June Meistres tloty---- Workhouse mistress Merch ---- Daughter, Girl Mis---- Month Modryb---- Aunt Mynwent---- Graveyard, Cemetery   Nai ---- Nephew Nain ---- Grandmother Nef ---- Heaven Nefoedd---- Heavens Nith ---- Niece   O ---- Of, From O Dan ---- Under Oddiwrth ---- From Oed---- Age Oedd ---- Was Olaf ---- Last O'r---- Of the, From the   Parch(edig)---- Rev(erend) Parchus---- Respected, Respectful Plant---- Children Plentyn---- Child Plwyf ---- Parish Pregethwr ---- Preacher Prif Swyddog ---- Chief Officer Prifardd---- Chief Bard Priod ---- Spouse   Rhagfyr/Rhag---- December/Dec Rhieni---- Parents Rhos---- Moor Rhyd ---- Ford   Serchog---- Affectionate Serchus---- Affectionate Sir---- County Swydd---- Office Swyddog---- Officer   Tachwedd/Tach---- November/Nov Tad---- Father Tadcu---- Grandfather Taflen ---- Tablet. Leaflet Taflen Goffa ---- Memorial Leaflet/Card Taid ---- Grandfather Tan---- Under Tangnefedd---- Peace Tawel ---- Quiet, Peaceful Tawelwch Peace Telynor Harpist Tir Land Traeth Beach Tre/Tref Town Tros Over Trwyn ---- Nose, Point Trysorydd ---- Treasurer Ty---- House Tyner---- Tender, Gentle   Ucha/Uchaf ---- Upper Uchod ---- Above   Wedi---- After Wyr ---- Grandson Wyres ---- Granddaughter Wythnos---- Week   Y---- The Ym ---- At, In Yma---- Here Ymadawedig---- Departed, deceased Ymadawodd a ---- He/She departed from Yn---- At, In Ynys---- Island, River meadow Yr ---- The Ysgolfeistr---- Schoolmaster Ysgrifennydd---- Secretary Ysbryd Glan---- Holy Spirit/Ghost   QUOTATIONS OFTEN FOUND ON GRAVESTONES   Ynghanol ein bywyd, yr ydym yn angau.     In the midst of life we are in death. Yr hyn a allodd hon, hi a'i gwnaeth.     Whatever she was able to do, she did. Ac yn eu marwolaeth, ni wahanwyd hwy.      And in their death, they were not divided Ei diwedd oedd heddwch.     Her end was peace Da, was da a ffyddlon / ffyddlawn.    Well done thou good and faithful servant. Dewch / Dos i mewn i lawenydd dy Arglwydd.     Come into the joy of your Lord. Cofia nawr dy Greawdwr yn nyddiau dy ieuenctid.     Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth Canys byw i mi yw Crist a marw sydd elw.      For me, to live is Christ and dying is gain. Gwyn eu byd y tangnefeddwyr, canys hwy a elwir yn blant I Dduw.      Blessed are the peacemakers for they shall be called the children of God. Mi a ymdrechais ymdrech deg. Mi a orphenais fy ngyrfa. Mi a gedwais y ffydd.      I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith ( Timothy 4:7) Hedd, Perffaith Hedd .       Peace, Perfect Peace. History Book Welsh I am indebted to ' An Illustrated History of Cardiganshire' by W J Lewis (1970) for this specimen collection of Welsh words and phrases typically found in Welsh language history books. Shown in alphabetical order of the Welsh word Adeiladwyr Builders Afalau Apples Allforion Exports Amlinell Contour Annibynnwyr Independents/Congregationalists Ardal Wledig Rural district Argraffwyr a rhwymwyr llyfrau Publishers and book binders Barceriaid Tanners Barlys at wneud bara Barley for making bread Bedyddwyr Baptists Beisiclau Bicycles Bracty Brewery Bragwyr Maltsters Brics Bricks Brysgyll Gareg Stone Club Bwrdeistref Borough Bwyall Garreg Stone Axe Caer Fort Calch Lime Canwyllau Candles Capel Chapel Casgenni Barrels Casglwyr rhacs Rag and bone men Castell Cerrig Stone Castle Castell Castle Caws Cheese Ceffylau Horses Cestyll Ceredigion The Castles of Ceredigion Cigyddion Butchers Cleddyr Byr Short Sword Clocswyr Clogmakers Coed Timber Coedwig Forest Comin Common Cryddion Cobblers Cwar Llechi Slate quarry Cwmwd Commote Cwpan cup Cwrw Beer Cyfnod y Rhufeiniaid The Roman Period Cyfnodau Cyntefig Primitive Times Cyfrwyaeth Saddlery Cylch Cerrig Stone Circle Cylchau Hoops Cyryglau Coracles Deddf Rhuddlan The Statute of Rhuddlan Defaid Sheep Dinas Gaerog Hill Fort Dinasoedd Caerog Hill Forts Dros Over Eglwys Blwyf Parish Church Eglwysai o dan ofal un offeiriad Churches looked after by one priest Eglwysi Celtaidd Celtic Churches Erydr Pren Wooden ploughs Estyll Staves Ffair Gyflogau Hiring fair Ffair Fair Ffatri Offer Callestr Flint-Chipping Floor Ffatri Wlan Woollen factory Ffeiriau Fairs Fferm Wasgaredig a scattered farm Ffermwyr a gweithwyr amaethyddol Farmers and agricultural workers Fferyllyddion Chemists Ffin y Dywysogaeth Boundary of the Principality Ffin Boundary Ffordd Dosbarth I First Class Road Ffordd Drwodd Trunk Road Ffordd Dyrpeg Turnpike Road Ffordd Road Ffrwythau Fruits Ffynnon Well Ffyrdd Tyrpeg Turnpike Roads Ffyrdd The Roads Glanhawyr simneiau Chimney-sweeps Glo Coal Gofiant Blacksmiths Groseriaid Grocers Gwaith Brics Brick works Gwaith Haearn Iron works Gwaith Halen Salt works Gwartheg Cattle Gwaywffon Bres Brass Spear Gwayw-fwyall Axe-Spear Gwehydd Weaver Gweithwyr ffowndri Foundrymen Gwerthwyr glo Coal merchants Gwerthwyr gwinoedd a gwirodydd Wine and spirit merchants Gwerthwyr llaeth Milkmen Gwerthwyr llieiniau a brethynnau Cloth merchants Gwerthwyr llysiau Green grocers Gwerthwyr Nwyddau haearn Ironmongers Gwerthwyr papur ysgrifennu Stationers Gwerthwyr yd Corn merchants Gwlan Wool Gwlanenni Flannels Gwneuthurwyr basgedi Basket makers Gwneuthurwyr canhwyllau Candle-makers Gwneuthurwyr clociau a watsus Clock and watch makers Gwneuthurwyr hetiau a hosanau Milliners Gwneuthurwyr hwyliau llongau Sailmakers Gwneuthurwyr menyg Glove makers Gwneuthurwyr rhaffau Ropemakers Gwsberys Gooseberries Gwydrwyr Glaziers Hadau Seeds Haearn Iron Halen Salt Hen ffurf yr enwau a roddir Names are given their old form Hen Fynachlog Geltaidd Old Celtic Monastery Heol Gefn Back Street Heol y Moch Pig Street Hetiau Hats Hosanau Stockings Iard Goed Timber Yard Iard Saer Llongau Shipbuilding yard Llathenni Yards(Measurement) Llechi Slates Lledrwyr Leather workers Lleiandy Nunnery Llestr Bwyd Food Vessel Llestr Pridd Earthen Vessel Llifio Coed Saw Mills Llifwyr coed Sawyers Llosgwyr calch Lime-burners Longau Ships Maenhir Standing Stone Mam-eglwys Mother-church Mannau Cyfarfod a Thai Cyrddau Meeting Place and Chapels Marchnad Market Masiyniaid Masons Meddygon anifeiliaid Veterinary surgeons Melin  Fflawd Flour Mill Melinwyr Millers Methodistiaid Calfinaidd Calvinistic Methodists Methodistiaid Wesleaidd Wesleyan Methodists Mewnforion Imports Milltiroedd Miles Moch Pigs Muriau'r Dref The town walls Mwrthwl Carreg Stone Hammer Mwrthwl-fwyall Carreg Stone Axe-Hammer Mwyn Copor Copper Ore Mwynglawdd Aur Gold Mine Mwynglawdd Plwm Lead Mine Mynachlog Abbey Mynydd Mountain Ocsiwneriaid Auctioneers Odynau Calch Lime kilns Oes y Cerrig The Stone Age Oes y Pres Bronze Age Offer Cerrig Stone Tools Offer Pres Brass Tools Pandy Fulling mill Pedleriaid Pedlars Perwigwr Wigmaker Plastrwyr Plasterers Plwm Lead Plymeriaid Plumbers Pobyddion Bakers Powdr Gwn Gunpowder Priordy Priory Prynwyr a gwerthwyr ceffylau Horse dealers Rhawian Coes-hir Long-handled shovels Rhyg Rye Sadleriaid Saddlers Seiri llongau Shipbuilders Seiri troliau a chyweirwyr melinau Millwrights Seiri Carpenters Sgadan Herrings Siopwyr Shopkeepers Tafarnwyr Innkeepers Tai'r Uchelwyr Houses of the Early Gentry Taith Gerallt Gymro The Journey of Gerald the Welshman Tarian Bres Brass Shield Tatws Potatoes Teilwriaid Tailors Terfysg Rebecca Rebecca Riot Tinceriaid Tinkers Tir Agored Open land Tir dros 500' Land over 500 ft Tir Garw Rough pasture Tir Glas Pasture land Tir Llafur Arable land Tiroedd Lands Toddwyr (Plwm) Lead smelters Tollborth Tollgate Tomen a Beili Motte and Bailey Towyr Thatchers Tref Town Tunelli Tons Turnwriaeth Turnery Ty Unnos A one-night house Tyfiant Ymneulltuaeth Growth of Nonconformity Tywod Sand Undodiaid Unitarians Wrn Gladdu Burial Urn Wrn Lludw'r Meirw Urn for the Ashes of the Dead Y Diwydiant Gwlan The Woollen Industry Y Porthmyn a'r Gyrroedd The Drovers and their Droves Y Rheilffordd The Railways Y Siroedd The Counties Yd Corn Ymenyn a Chaws Butter and Cheese Yng Nghyfnod y Tuduriaid In Tudor Times Yr Hen Ddiwydiant Cartref The old cottage industry Yr Oesoedd Canol The Middle Ages Ysgol Breifat Private School Ysgol Ddyddiol Day School Ysgol Sul Sunday School Ysgolion Schools Ystrad Fflur Strata Florida

Welsh nationality A Book of Wales   by D M & E M Lloyd 1953. In the authors' introduction to the book is this series of passages which to me anyway says all that needs to be said about the concept of 'Welsh nationality'.. "Included in this book is a translation of one of the most widely known passages by the best loved of modern Welsh writers, the late Sir Owen M Edwardes [ 1858-1920].[See The Soul of a Nation] He knew well enough what he meant when he said that Wales had a soul. He was not worried by metaphysical niceties, and neither was he thinking in terms of racial purity. On racialism we can do no better than quote Sir Ifor Williams, doyen of Welsh scholarship today, who once remarked that 'the people of England and of Wales are formed of the same racial ingredients, although not necessarily in the same proportions, but that the same is true of Christmas cake and plum pudding, only that one has been baked and the other boiled ' ! The varying racial proportions probably have some bearing on national temperament, modes of feeling and artistic gifts, but in the main our distinctive national characteristics are the fruits of age-long common experiences, the results of having inhabited the same corner of the earth, the incalculable effects of the natural scene and the affinities born of it, of having spoken a common tongue, created our own institutions, shared the same responsibilities, felt the same community sense, and borne the effects of the same national development. We can still recognise ourselves in the people of Giraldus's Wales of the twelfth century--our faults and our good qualities, though much has changed. The Wales of Giraldus and that of Jack Jones are peopled by the same warm-hearted impulsive folk, often contentious, susceptible to the appeal of oratory, relishers of the finely-turned and bold phrase, and passionately attached to the local community and surroundings. They realise themselves in the interplay of personal relations within the neighbourhood and country to which they feel they belong, and have a deep distrust of any impersonal officialdom, privilege, or remote control. A shrewdness and distrust of vague sentiment are combined with a responsiveness to the appeal of music and clear forcible expression in verse, prose, or in pulpit or platform speech. Here is no 'Celtic twilight', but a love of clarity, brilliance, distinct colours and striking antithesis. These are our prevailing modes." The Soul of a Nation by Sir Owen M Edwardes[1858-1920] [ Er Mwyn Cymru, translated by D M Lloyd] "But Wales has a soul, a soul which is her own. And she can lose it. Education may thrive, religion may increase its hold, freedom may be won, the poor may arise from the dust and become powerful, the wealthy may be strong and flourish like the green bay, and the nation's soul may weaken and fade. The nation may lose itself in the empire, and be a dead member and not a living one, her voice never more to be heard. And if that calamity were to come about, Wales would be without a soul, and the world would be the poorer. When the next upsurge of freedom and religion would take place, Wales would not be there to hold up the banner ; her voice would have been silenced... May Wales succeed in every possible way.  Equality and freedom will come ; a University and a Hospital Service ; and many a dream will be fulfilled. But let us not lose sight of the nation's soul, lest among much fine building and enthusiastic committee-work it vanish from sight. May it be fostered in the schools and the various colleges of the University. But the hearth is its cradle. The spirit of Wales is born in the mountain farmhouse, in the cottage by the brook, in the coal-miner's home. And if it be not fostered the Welsh nation will become merely derivative and second rate, an imitator of something inferior to her own true life. If she guards her soul, she has it in herself to make her contribution among the leaders of the world. In a delicate love of country, and in steadfast faith, may our aim be no less." [Gareth Hicks 25 April 2001]

Welsh proverbs Or even 'proverbs in Welsh'. This selection of proverbs/sayings/similes/idioms are ones that have caught my eye and include many that were probably familiar to our Welsh ancestors, there are hundreds more  to be found  in ; Y Geiriadur Newydd by H Meurig Evans and W O Thomas, (1956) Lluniau Llafar [Idioms for Welsh learners] by Cennard Davies, (1980) Be aware that the literal translation of the Welsh phrase is not necessarily that given, but the usual meaning in English . A chroen ei ddannedd    By the skin of one's teeth A ddarlenno, ysteried         Let him who reads reflect A ddwg wy a ddwg fwy       He who steals an egg will steal more A fo ben, bid bont               He who would be head let him be a bridge A fynno glod, bid farw     He who desires fame, let him die A fynno iechyd, bid lawen      He he would be healthy, let him be cheerful A geir yn rhad, a gerdd yn rhwydd      What is got cheaply, goes quickly A'i ben yn ei blu     Disheartened A wnel dwyll, ef a dwyllir    He who deceives, shall be deceived A ystyrio, cofied     Let him who reflects, remember Aderyn y nos    Someone who stays out late Adfyd a ddwg wybodaeth, a gwygodaeth ddoethineb   Adversity brings knowledge, and knowledge wisdom Afrad pob afraid     Everything needless is waste Agos at ei galon   Close to one's heart Am y tywydd, gorau tewi    It is best to be silent about the weather Aml bai lle ni charer    There's many a fault where there's no love Amynedd yw mam pob doethineb     Patience is the mother of all wisdom Angel pen ffordd, a diawl pen tan    An angel abroad, and a devil at home Annoeth, llithrig ei dafod  The foolish has a flippant tongue Ar ben y ffordd      On the right track Ar bigau'r drain   On tenter hooks Ar bob cyfrif      By all means Ar draws fy nannedd    Not pleasant to hear Ar ei ben ei hun(an)    On his own Ar flaenau ei fysedd   At the tips of his fingers Ar gefn ei geffyl gwyn     Full of mischief Arfer yw hanner y gwaith    Practice is half the work At y blewyn   To a tee Athro da yw amser   Time is a good teacher Bach pob dyn a dybio ei hun yn fawr   Small is every man who considers himself great Bod a llaw rydd    To be single Brawd yw celwyddog i leidr   The liar is brother to the thief Bugunad fel tarw   To roar like a bull Bychan y tal cyngor gwraig, ond gwae i wr nas cymero   A wife's advice is not worth much, but woe to the husband who refuses to take it Bys ymhob brywes   A finger in every pie Byw fel ci a hwch    Leading a cat and dog life Byw o'r fawd i'r genau    Living from hand to mouth Cadarn pob cyfiawn   The just are strong Cadw ci a chyfarth ei hunan   Keeping a dog and doing his own barking Cadw dy fodiau i ti dy hun     Keep your hands to yourself Cael caws o fola ci    Trying the impossible Cau ceg rhwyn       To shut someone's mouth Cau'r drws ar ddannedd dyn     Shutting the door in one's face Car cywir, yn yr ing fe'i gwelir   A friend in need is a friend indeed Cenedl heb iaeth, cenedl heb galon   A nation without language, a nation without heart Cenfigen a ladd ei pherchennog  Envy destroys its possessor Cic i'r post i'r fuwch gael clywed     An indirect hint Cnoi ei dafod    To hold his tongue Cochi at ei glystiau   To blush deeply Codi bys at     To reproach Codi bys bach    To imbibe Cred air o bob deg a glywi, a thi a gei rywfaint bach o wir  Believe one tenth of what you hear, and you will get some little truth Croen ei din ar ei dalcen    In a bad mood Cura'r haearn tra fo'n boeth   Strike the iron whilst its hot Cyfaill blaidd, bugail diog   A lazy shepherd is the wolf's friend Cyfaill calon   Close friend Cyfoethog pob dedwydd    Wealthy are the happy Cyn dloted a llygoden eglwys     As poor as a church mouse Cyn falched a phaun     As proud as a peacock Cyn farwed a hoel    As dead as a door nail Cyn hacred a phechod   As ugly as sin Cyn ysgafned a'r plufyn    As light as a feather Cyntaf ei og, cyntaf ei gryman    First with his harrow, first with his sickle Cysgu ci bwtsiwr   To sleep lightly Cyw gwaelod y nyth     Youngest child in a family Cyw gwyllt   An illegitimate child Chwedl a gynydda fel caseg eira    A tale increases like a rolling stone Chwerthin a wna ynfyd wrth foddi   The fool will laugh whilst drowing Chwerthin yn fy nwrn    To laugh up one's sleeve Chwilio am eira llynedd    Searching for what is gone by Chwynnwch eich gardd eich hun yn gyntaf    Weed your own garden first Dafad ddu     Black sheep Dal y ddysgl yn wastad   Keeping the peace Ddim gwerth cnec mochyn coron     Worthless Ddim yn werth ei halen    Not worth his salt Deuparth gwaith, ei ddechrau   Beginning is two thirds of work Dim rhwng ei dwy glust    Dull Dodi'r droed orau ymlaen    To put the best foot forward Doeth pob tawgar   Wise is the silent Dwy law chwith      Useless Edrych yn llygad y geiniog    Practising thrift Eli i pob dolur yw amynedd   Patience is an ointment for every sore Enw da yw'r trysor gorau     A good name is the best of treasures Fel cacynen mewn bys coch    Greatly annoyed Fel cath i gythraul, fel cath o dan     Speedily Fel ci bach    One who does as he is told Fel iar ag uncyw    Fussily Fel iar dan badell     Sulkily Fel iar glwc     Miserable Fel iar yn crafu      Getting no where Fel lladd nadroeth     Full of fuss Fel swigen mochyn    Bald as a coot Fel twll tin ci ar yr haul     Dull Gair dros ysgwydd       A promise not kept Gan bwyll y mae mynd ymhell    Going slowly, going far Gollwng y gath o'r cwd      Letting the cat out of the bag Gorau cyfoeth, iechyd     The best wealth is health Gormod o ddim nid yw dda    Too much of anything is not good Gwell aderyn mewn llaw na dau mewn llwyn    A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush Gwell clwt na thwll    Better a patch than a hole Gwell dysg na golud     Better learning than wealth Gwell goddef cam na'i wneuthur   Better suffer wrong than do it Gwell hanner na dim    Better half than nothing Gwell hwyr na hwyrach     Better late than never Gwell y wialen a blygo nag a dorro   Better the rod that bends than one that breaks Gwell yr heddwch gwaethaf na'r rhyfel gorau     Better the worst peace than the best war Gwisg orau merch yw gwylder   Modesty is a girl's best dress Gwynt teg iddo     Good luck to him Gyda llaw    By the way Hawdd clwyfo claf    It is easy to wound the sick Hawdd cynnau tan ar hen aelwyd    It is easy to kindle a fire on an old hearth Haws dywedyd mawr na gwneuthur bychan    It is easier to say much than do a little Heb droi blewyn   Without fear, shame Heb ei fai, heb ei eni   He who is without fault is not born Heb flewyn ar ei dafod    Outspoken Heb wraig, heb ymryson    Without wife, without strife Hen fys   An old bore Hen geg   A gossip Hen gofion      Memories Hen gwcw       A fool Hir ei dafod, byr ei wybod     A long tongue and little knowledge I drwch y blewyn     Exactly so I'r pant y rhed y dwr   Water flows to the valley Lladd amser    Killing time Llais y wlad    Public opinion Mae rhyw chwilen yn ei ben     He has a bee in his bonnet Mae'n draed moch arnaf        I'm in a fix Mae'n ddigon oer i rewi brain     It's cold enough to freeze a brass monkey Magu asgwrn cefn   To pluck up courage Mewn chwinciad llygad llo   In a flash Mewn gwaed oer    In cold blood Mewn undeb y mae nerth        Unity is strength Mor ddi-ddal a cheiliog y gwynt     As unreliable as a weather-cock Mor ddistaw a'r bedd    As silent as the grave Mynd i gwrdd a gofid      Going to meet trouble Mynd i'r cwn   Going to the dogs Na ddeffro'r ci a fo'n cysgu    Let sleeping dogs lie Nac adrodd a glywaist rhag ei fod yn gelwyddog     Repeat not what you hear, lest it be false Nes penelin nag arddwrn     Nearer elbow than wrist (Blood is thicker than water) Ni ddaw ddoe yn ol     Yesterday will not return Ni wyr dyn ddolur y llall      One man knows not another's pain Nid aur, popeth melyn     All that is yellow is not gold (..glitters..) Nid da rhy o ddim   Too much of anything is not good Nid hawdd bodloni pawb    It is not easy to please everyone Nid oes dim dwywaith amdani   There's no doubt about it Nid rhy hen neb i ddysgu   There is none too old to learn Nid yn y bore y mae canmol diwrnod teg     The morning is not the time to praise a fair day Nid yw chwedl yn colli wrth ei hadrodd    A story loses nothing by repetition O ddau ddrwg dewiser y lleiaf      Of two evils chose the lesser Oni heuir, ni fedir    No reaping without sowing Os daw Mawrth i mewn fel oen a allan fel llew    If March comes in like a lamb it will go out like a lion Os nad oes dim gwahaniaeth gennych    If you don't mind Pawb a'i fys lle bo'i ddolur    Everyone puts his finger where his pain lies Plant gwirionedd yw hen ddiarhebion     Old proverbs are the children of truth Po mwyaf y llanw, mwyaf y trai      The greater the flow, the greater the ebb Pryn hen, pryn eilwaith     Buy the old, buy again Prynu cath mewn cwd   To buy a pig in a poke Rhaid yw cropian cyn cerdded    One must crawl before walking Rhaid wrth lwy hir i fwyta gyda'r diafol   It needs a long spoon to sup with the devil Rhedeg yn y gwaed     To run in the blood Rhoi tafod drwg   To abuse someone Rhydd i bob meddwl ei farn, ac i bob barn ei llafar   Everyone has a right to his opinion, and to express it. Synnwyr y fawd    Rule of thumb Taer yw'r gwir am y golau   Truth is eager for the light Tamaid o geg     Just what I was going to say Taro'r hoelen ar ei phen   To hit the nail on the head Tawed y doeth, annoeth ni thaw (thau)     Let the wise be silent, the foolish will not Tebyg i ddyn fydd ei lwdwn   Like father like offspring Torri calon  To feel sad Traed hwyad   Flat feet Trech angen na dewis    Necessity is stronger than choice Tynnu blew o drwyn rhywun    To annoy someone Un pechod a lusg gant ar ei ol   One sin draws a hundred after it Y byd a'r betws    The world and the church Y cwbl i fi, a'r rhest i Sioni 'mrawd      The lot for me, and the rest for my brother John Y doeth ni ddywed a wyr      The wise does not say all he knows Y mae'r llygad yn fwy na'r bola     The eye is bigger than the stomach Ychedig yn aml a wna lawer    A little often becomes much Ymhob pen y mae 'pinwn      In every head there is an opinion Yn araf deg yr a gwr ymhell    Slow of pace to travel far Yn dew ac yn denau       Everywhere Yn ddistaw fach    On the quiet Yn ddwl fel llo     Very stupid Yn sal fel ci     As sick as a dog Yr hen a wyr, yr ieuanc a dybia     The old knows, the young surmises Yr hwch wedi mynd drwy'r siop      To be made bankrupt Yr oen yn dysgu i'r ddafad bori        The lamb teaching the ewe to graze [Gareth]

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Names See also Welsh pet names Following a Glamlist query it came to me that it was about time I had a feature relating to shortened forms of forenames and also pet names people used within families for each other. The two lists below have largely been contributed by listers, but with a major input by Jill Muir from an article she had produced herself some time ago. There are some which confusingly appear to have multiple related original names and are included even if  it is unclear to what extent they were used outside particular families, at least we know what other possibilites there might be when we can't find our Nancy etc on a census. Some abbreviations may seem obvious, but it still depends on whether you know the full name or not. I have also thrown in some of the more common traditional Welsh names [marked ] with their English equivalents. Female; Abbie = Abigail Addie/Addy = Adelaide Aggie = Agatha/Agnes Alex = Alexandra Aly = Alison/Alice Amelia = Millicent Angie = Angela/Angelina Ann = Annetta/Anita Ann /Anna= Hannah Annie = Ann Babs = Barbara Bea /Beattie= Beatrice Becky = Rebecca Bedelia = Bridget Bella = Isabella Bernie = Bernadette Bess/Bessie/Bet/Beth/Betsey/Betty = Elizabeth Beti/Betsan/Betsi = Betty/Betsy Biddy = Bridget Bim = Belinda Bren = Brenda Bron = Bronwen Bytha = Tabitha Carie = Caroline Carol = Caroline Cassie = Catherine Catrin/ Cadi = Catherine Cat/Cathy = Catherine Ceri = Ceridwen Charlie = Charlotte Chelle = Michelle Cilla = Priscilla Chris = Christine Chrissy = Christina Cis/Cissie = Cecily/Cecilia  [May also just stand for sister !] Clary = Clara Connie = Constance Dee = Dorothy Della = Adelia Di = Diana Dodo/Dora = Deborah Doll/Dollie/Dolly = Doreen/Dorothy/Doris/Florence Dora = Theodora/Deborah Dorrie = Dorothy Dot = Dorothy Eddie [pronounced Eaddie] = Edith Elen = Helen Eliza = Elizabeth Ella = Isabella Ellie = Ellen Emily = Amelia Elsie= Esther ? /Elizabeth Em/Emmie = Emily/Emma Eppy = Hephzibah Ester = Hester Esther = Estherazy Eth = Ethel Etta = Henrietta Eve/Evie = Evelyn Fanny = Frances/Myfanwy Fano/Vano = Myfanwy Fi = Fiona Flo/Flora/Florrie/Floss = Florence Fran/Frannie = Frances Freda = Fredericka Gerry = Geraldine Gert/Gertie = Gertrude Gill = Gillian Gwen/Gwenno = Gwendoline/Gwenllian Gussie = Augusta Hannah = Susannah Harry = Harriet Hatty = Harriet Heppy/Hepsie = Hephzibah Het/Hetty = Esther or Henrietta Issy = Isabel/Isabella Izzie = Elizabeth Jacky = Jacqueline Jennie/Jenny = Jennifer/Janet/Jennet Jill = Gillian ? Jinny = Virginia Jo = Joanna Kate/Katie/Katy/Cathy = Catherine/Katherine Katie = Katriona/ Catriona Kes = Kerry Kit/Kitty = Christine/Kate/Katherine Lal/Lally/Lelly = Eleanor/Elinor/Hannah Lettie = Leticia/Lucetia Libby = Elizabeth Lilly = Lilian Lina = Selina Liv = Olivia Liz/Liza/Lizzie/Lizzy/Lillie/Lillibet/Lilly = Elizabeth Lottie = Charlotte Lou/Louie = Louise Luce = Lucy Mab[s] = Mabel Madge = Margaret ? Mag/Maggie = Margaret Mair/Mari = Mary Maisie = Margaret Mali = Molly Marge/Margie = Margaret Marged/Mererid = Margaret Marg = Marjory Mattie/Matty = Matilda/Martha May = Margaret/Mary Meg = Megan/Margaret Millie = Millicent/Amelia/Mildred Mim = Miriam Minnie = Margaret/Wilhelmina /Hermione/Minerva/Miriam Mo - Maureen Moll/Molly = Mary Nan/Nance/Nancy = Ann[e] Nat = Natasha Nell/Nellie = Helen/Ellen Netta = Anetta/Henrietta Nora = Leonora/Honora Pam = Pamela Pat/Patsy = Patricia Patti = Martha Pedge = Marjorie Peg/Peggy = Margaret Penny = Penelope Phil = Philomena Polly = Mary/Mary Ann Prue= Prudence/ Prunella Rae/Ray = Rachael/Rachel Rene = Irene Rian = Rhianedd Rita = Margaret Ro/Rose/Rosie = Rosemary Ronnie = Veronica Sam = Samantha Sal/Sally/Sadie = Sarah Sian = Jane Sibby = Sybil Sophie = Sophia Sue/Susie/Suzie = Susan/Susanne/Susanna/Susannah Sukey = Susan Tasha = Natasha Terry = Theresa Tetia = Letitia Theo = Theodora Tricia /Trissie = Patricia Trina = Katrina Val - Valerie/Valmai Vera = Veronica ? Vi = Violet Vicky = Victoria Vira/Vera = Elvira Viv/Vivie= Vivienne Win/Winnie = Winifred Male; Abe = Abraham Al = Alan Alb = Albert Alec/Alex = Alexander Alf = Alfred Algy = Algernon Andy = Andrew Archie = Archibald Artie = Arthur Baldie = Archibald Bart = Bartholomew Ben/Benjie = Benjamin Bert/Bertie = Albert/Hubert Bill/Billy = William Bob/Bobby = Robert Brin = Brinley Chas/Charley= Charles Chris = Christopher Chuck = Charles Cliff = Clifford Con = Conrad Cy/Sy = Cyril Dafydd = David Dai/Dave/Davey = David Dan/Danny = Daniel Deio/Dewi = David Del = Derek Dick/Dickie = Richard Don = Donald Doug/Dougie = Douglas Ed/Eddie = Edward/Edgar/Edwin ? Ern/Ernie = Ernest Frank = Francis Fred = Frederick/Wilfred Gary = Gareth Geoff = Geoffrey Gerry = Gerald Gib/Gilb = Gilbert Greg = Gregory Gus = Augustus Hal/Harry = Henry/Harold Hank = Henry Howie = Howell Hubie = Hubert Huw = Hugh Hywel = Howell Iago = James Ieuan/Ifan/Iwan/Ianto = Evan Ike = Isaac Ioan = John Issie = Isaac Jack = John Jake = Jacob Jamie = James Jeff = Jeffrey Jem/Jez = Jeremy Jerry = Jeremiah/Jeremy Jim = James Jock = John Joe = Joseph Johnny = John Jon = Jonathan Josh = Joshua Ken = Kenneth Kit = Christopher Lee = Brinley Len = Leonard Leo = Leonard Les = Lesley Llew = Llewelyn Llwyd = Lloyd Lyn = Llewelyn Mal = Maldwyn Matt = Matthew Meurig = Maurice Mich/Mick/Mike = Michael Mihangel = Michael Mog = Morgan Morus/Moris/Morys = Morris Myrddin = Merlin Nat = Nathan/Nathanial Nye = Aneurin Ollie = Oliver Owain = Owen Padrig = Patrick Pat = Patrick Pedr = Peter Perc/Percy = Percival Phil = Philip/Phillip Prys = Price Puw = Pugh Randy = Randolph Ray = Raymond Rhisiart = Richard Rhydderch = Roderick Rhys = Rees Rick = Richard Rod = Roderick/Rodney Ron/Ronnie = Ronald Ross =  Rosslyn Roy = Royston Sandy = Alexander Siam/Siams = James Sion/Sioni = John Seb = Sebastian Sid = Sidney Simy/Sime = Simon Stan = Stanley Steffan = Stephen Steve = Stephen Stu = Stewart Ted = Edward Teddy = Theodore Theo = Theodore Tom = Thomas Tomos/Twm = Thomas/Tom Tony = Anthony Vic = Victor Viv = Vivian/Vincent Walt = Walter Wat = Walter/Watcyn Wil/Will/Willy = William Wmffre = Humphrey Zenie = Thomasina